8 Chidziwitso Chachikulu Chokhudza Kapangidwe ka Zitsulo

M'zaka zaposachedwa, njira yakumidzi ikukula mwachangu komanso mwachangu, ndipo nyumba yopangira zitsulo makampani apeza chitukuko chomwe sichinachitikepo. Anthu ali ndi zofunikira zapamwamba komanso zapamwamba kuti zitheke komanso chitetezo chanyumba. Mu zomangamanga zamakono, zitsulo kapangidwe kamangidwe ili ndi maubwino ena, ndipo kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake pomanga kukukulirakulira. Kuphatikizidwa ndi zaka zambiri zantchito, K-home Mwachidule 8 zaukadaulo wazidziwitso zamapangidwe achitsulo, zomwe zili ndi zazitali, chonde werengani moleza mtima:

1.Mawonekedwe a Kapangidwe ka Zitsulo:

1. Chitsulo chachitsulo chimakhala chopepuka
2. Kudalirika kwakukulu kwa ntchito yomanga zitsulo
3. Chitsulocho chimakhala ndi kugwedezeka kwabwino (kugwedezeka) ndi kukana mphamvu
4. Chitsulo chachitsulo chikhoza kusonkhanitsidwa molondola komanso mofulumira
5. Ndikosavuta kupanga chomata chosindikizidwa
6. Kapangidwe kachitsulo ndikosavuta kuwononga
7. Kukana moto wosauka kwa kapangidwe kachitsulo

2. Makalasi Ndi Katundu Wa Zitsulo Zomwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Ambiri

1. Kaboni structural zitsulo: Q195, Q215, Q235, Q255, Q275, etc.
2. Low aloyi mkulu mphamvu structural chitsulo
3. Chitsulo chapamwamba cha carbon structural ndi alloy structural steel
4. Cholinga chapadera chachitsulo

3. Mfundo Zosankhira Zinthu Zopangira Zitsulo

Mfundo yosankha zinthu zamapangidwe azitsulo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mphamvu yonyamula katunduyo ndi yolepheretsa kulephera kwa brittle pansi pazifukwa zina. Zimaganiziridwa mozama molingana ndi kufunikira kwa kapangidwe kake, mawonekedwe a katundu, mawonekedwe apangidwe, kupsinjika maganizo, njira yolumikizira, makulidwe achitsulo ndi malo ogwirira ntchito. za.

Mitundu inayi yachitsulo yomwe ikufotokozedwa mu "Code for Design of Steel Structures" GB50017-2003 ndi mitundu "yoyenera" ndipo ndiyo yoyamba kusankha pamene zinthu ziloleza. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mitundu ina sikuletsedwa, malinga ngati chitsulo chogwiritsidwa ntchito chikukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zimatchulidwa.

Chachinayi, chachikulu luso zili zitsulo dongosolo:

(a) Ukadaulo wokwera kwambiri wazitsulo. Malingana ndi kutalika kwa nyumba ndi zofunikira za mapangidwe, chimango, chithandizo cha chimango, silinda ndi chimphona chachikulu cha chimango chimagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira, ndipo zigawozo zikhoza kukhala zitsulo, konkire yolimba yolimba kapena chubu chachitsulo. Mamembala achitsulo ndi opepuka komanso opangidwa ndi ductile, ndipo amatha kuwotcherera kapena kukulungidwa, omwe ali oyenera nyumba zapamwamba kwambiri; mamembala olimba olimba a konkire amakhala olimba kwambiri komanso amakana moto wabwino, ndipo ali oyenera nyumba zapakatikati ndi zazitali kapena nyumba zapansi; zitsulo chitoliro konkire n'zosavuta kumanga, Pakuti mzati nyumba zokha.

(b) Ukadaulo wazitsulo zam'mlengalenga. Mapangidwe azitsulo zamlengalenga ali ndi ubwino wokhala wopepuka, wosasunthika kwambiri, maonekedwe okongola komanso kuthamanga kwachangu. Mpira olowa gululi lathyathyathya, Mipikisano wosanjikiza-gawo gululi ndi chipolopolo reticulated ndi chitoliro zitsulo monga ndodo ndi structural mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa danga zitsulo dongosolo m'dziko langa. Zili ndi ubwino wa kukhazikika kwa malo akuluakulu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zochepa ndipo zimatha kupereka CAD yathunthu pakupanga, kumanga ndi kuyang'anira njira. Kuphatikiza pa kapangidwe ka gridi, palinso zingwe zazikulu zazitali zoyimitsidwa ndi zingwe zamamembrane m'malo.

(c) Ukadaulo wamapangidwe azitsulo. Mawonekedwe atsopano opangidwa ndi makoma ndi maenvulopu apadenga amapangidwa ndi mbale zachitsulo zopepuka. Dongosolo lachitsulo chopepuka chopangidwa ndi zitsulo zazikulu zokhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala yooneka ngati H ndi zitsulo zapadenga zowotcherera kapena zokulungidwa ndi mbale zachitsulo pamwamba pa 5mm, chitsulo chozungulira chopangidwa ndi makina othandizira osinthika komanso kulumikizana kwamphamvu kwambiri. 30m kapena kupitilira apo, kutalika kumatha kufika mamita oposa khumi, ndipo ma cranes opepuka amatha kukhazikitsidwa. Kuchuluka kwazitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 20-30kg / m2. Tsopano pali njira zokhazikika zamapangidwe ndi mabizinesi apadera opangira, okhala ndi zinthu zabwino, kuthamanga kwa unsembe mwachangu, opepuka, ndalama zochepa, komanso zomangamanga sizimangokhala ndi nyengo, zoyenera mitundu yonse yamakampani opepuka.

(d) Ukadaulo wopangidwa ndi chitsulo-konkriti. Dongosolo lonyamula katundu ndi chigawo chopangidwa ndi zitsulo zachigawo kapena kasamalidwe kazitsulo ndi zigawo za konkire ndizopangidwa ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo, ndipo ntchito yake yakhala ikukula m'zaka zaposachedwa. Kapangidwe kawo kaphatikizidwe kamakhala ndi zabwino zonse zachitsulo ndi konkriti, zokhala ndi mphamvu zonse, kulimba kwabwino, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino a zivomezi. Pamene mawonekedwe akunja a konkire amagwiritsidwa ntchito, amakhala ndi moto wotsutsa komanso kukana dzimbiri. Mamembala ophatikizidwa amatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwachitsulo ndi 15 mpaka 20%. Pansi zophatikizika ndi zida zachitsulo zodzaza konkriti zilinso ndi zabwino zochepa kapena zopanda mawonekedwe, zomangamanga zosavuta komanso zofulumira, komanso kuthekera kwakukulu kokwezedwa. Ndizoyenera matabwa a chimango, mizati ndi pansi pazipinda zamitundu yambiri kapena nyumba zokhala ndi katundu wambiri, nyumba yamafakitale mizati ndi pansi, etc.

(e) Kulumikizana kolimba kwambiri kwa bolt ndiukadaulo wazowotcherera. Maboti amphamvu kwambiri amatumiza kupsinjika chifukwa cha kukangana ndipo amapangidwa ndi magawo atatu: mabawuti, mtedza ndi ma washer. Kulumikizana kolimba kwambiri kwa bawuti kuli ndi zabwino zake zomanga zosavuta, kugwetsa kosinthika, kunyamula kwakukulu, kukana kutopa komanso kudzitsekera, komanso chitetezo chokwanira. Iwo walowa m'malo riveting ndi kuwotcherera tsankho mu polojekiti ndi wakhala waukulu kugwirizana njira kupanga ndi unsembe wa nyumba zitsulo. Pazigawo zachitsulo ndi mbale zokhuthala zomwe zimapangidwa mumsonkhanowu, kuwotcherera kwa mawaya angapo amadzimadzi kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo bokosi la clapboard liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kusungunuka kwa nozzle electro slag kuwotcherera ndi matekinoloje ena. Pakuyika ndikumanga m'munda, ukadaulo wowotcherera wa theka-odziwikiratu, waya wotchingidwa ndi gasi wotetezedwa ndi waya wowotcherera komanso ukadaulo wodziyimira pawokha wa waya wodziteteza.

(f) Tekinoloje yachitetezo chazitsulo. Kutetezedwa kwazitsulo kumaphatikizapo kupewa moto, anti-corrosion ndi kupewa dzimbiri. Nthawi zambiri, sikoyenera kuchita mankhwala odana ndi dzimbiri pambuyo pa moto-retardant ❖ kuyanika mankhwala, komabe ayenera kukhala odana ndi dzimbiri mankhwala mu nyumba ndi mpweya zikuwononga. Pali mitundu yambiri ya zokutira zoziziritsa moto zapakhomo, monga TN mndandanda, MC-10, ndi zina zotero. Pakati pawo, MC-10 zokutira zozimitsa moto zimaphatikizapo utoto wa alkyd enamel, utoto wa rabara wa chlorinated, utoto wa fluororubber ndi utoto wa chlorosulfonated. Pomangapo, makulidwe oyenera ndi makulidwe opaka ayenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi mtundu wa chitsulo, kalasi yolimbana ndi moto komanso zofunikira zachilengedwe.

5. Zolinga Ndi Miyeso Yamapangidwe Azitsulo:

Kapangidwe kachitsulo kachitsulo kamakhala ndi zovuta zambiri zaukadaulo ndipo kuyenera kutsata miyezo ya dziko ndi makampani pakukweza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Madipatimenti oyang'anira zomanga m'deralo akuyenera kuyang'anira ntchito yomanga siteji yaukadaulo waukadaulo wazitsulo, kukonza zophunzitsira zamagulu owunika bwino, ndikufotokozera mwachidule machitidwe a ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano munthawi yake. Makoleji ndi mayunivesite, madipatimenti omanga ndi mabizinesi omanga ayenera kufulumizitsa maphunziro aukadaulo waukadaulo wazitsulo ndikulimbikitsa ukadaulo wokhwima wamapangidwe achitsulo CAD. Gulu la maphunziro ochuluka liyenera kugwirizana ndi chitukuko cha luso lamakono lazitsulo, kuchita zosinthana zambiri zamaphunziro ndi ntchito zophunzitsira kunyumba ndi kunja, ndikuwongolera molimbika mulingo wonse wa kapangidwe kazitsulo, kupanga, zomangamanga ndi unsembe, ndipo akhoza kupindula posachedwapa.

6. Njira Yolumikizira Yamapangidwe a Zitsulo

Pali mitundu itatu ya njira zolumikizira zopangira zitsulo: kulumikizana kwa weld, kulumikizana kwa bawuti ndi kulumikizana kwa rivet.

(a), Kulumikiza Msoko Wowotcherera

The kuwotcherera msoko kugwirizana ndi kusungunula pang'ono ma elekitirodi ndi kuwotcherera ndi kutentha kwaiye arc, ndiyeno condense mu weld pambuyo kuzirala, kuti kulumikiza kuwotcherera lonse.

Ubwino: palibe kufooka kwa gawo lachigawo, kupulumutsa chitsulo, kapangidwe kosavuta, kupanga kosavuta, kukhazikika kolumikizana kwakukulu, kusindikiza kwabwino, kugwiritsa ntchito kosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zina, komanso kuchita bwino kwambiri.

Zoipa: Malo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwazitsulo pafupi ndi weld chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu kwa kuwotcherera kungakhale kovuta m'madera ena; Panthawi yowotcherera, chitsulocho chimakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu komanso kuzizira kosagwirizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kupanikizika kotsalira komanso kusinthika kotsalira kwa kapangidwe kake. Kunyamula mphamvu, kuuma ndi ntchito zimakhala ndi zotsatira zina; chifukwa cha kuuma kwakukulu kwa mapangidwe opangidwa ndi welded, ming'alu ya m'deralo ndi yosavuta kufalikira mpaka yonse ikangochitika, makamaka pa kutentha kochepa. Zowonongeka zitha kuchitika zomwe zimachepetsa kutopa mphamvu.

(b), Kulumikizana kwa Bolt

Kulumikizana kwa bolted ndiko kulumikiza zolumikizira kukhala thupi limodzi kudzera pa mabawuti, monga zomangira. Pali mitundu iwiri yamalumikizidwe a bawuti: zolumikizira wamba za bawuti ndi zolumikizira zolimba kwambiri.

Ubwino: njira yosavuta yomanga ndi kukhazikitsa kosavuta, makamaka yoyenera kuyika malo ndi kugwirizana, ndi zosavuta kusokoneza, zoyenera zomanga zomwe zimafuna kusonkhana ndi kusokoneza komanso kugwirizana kwakanthawi.

Zoipa: M'pofunika kutsegula mabowo pa mbale ndikugwirizanitsa mabowo posonkhanitsa, zomwe zimawonjezera ntchito yopangira ntchito ndipo zimafuna kulondola kwakukulu kwa kupanga; mabowo a bolt amafooketsanso gawo la magawo a zigawozo, ndipo mbali zogwirizanitsa nthawi zambiri zimafunika kuti zigwirizane kapena kuwonjezera maulumikizi othandizira. Mbale (kapena ngodya zitsulo), kotero kuti mapangidwe ake ndi ovuta kwambiri ndipo amawononga zitsulo zambiri.

(c), Rivet Connection

Kulumikizana kwa rivet ndi rivet yokhala ndi mutu wozungulira wozungulira kumapeto kwina, ndipo ndodo ya msomali imalowetsedwa mwachangu mu dzenje la misomali yachidutswa cholumikizira chikawotcha chofiyira, ndiyeno chimango chinacho chimayikidwa pamutu wa misomali ndi rivet. mfuti kuti mgwirizano ukhale wolimba. cholimba.

Ubwino: kufalikira kwa mphamvu ya riveted ndikodalirika, pulasitiki ndi kulimba ndizabwino, mawonekedwe ake ndi osavuta kuyang'ana ndikutsimikizira, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zolemetsa komanso zonyamula mwachindunji.

Zoipa: Njira yopangira riveting ndi yovuta, mtengo wopangira ndi ntchito ndi zinthu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndikwambiri, motero m'malo mwake zasinthidwa ndi kuwotcherera ndi kulumikizana kwamphamvu kwambiri.

7. Kulumikizana kwa kuwotcherera

(a) Njira Yowotcherera

Njira yowotcherera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapangidwe azitsulo ndi kuwotcherera kwa arc, kuphatikiza kuwotcherera kwa arc pamanja, kuwotcherera kodziwikiratu kapena semi-automatic arc, ndi kuwotcherera kotetezedwa ndi gasi.

Manual arc kuwotcherera ndi njira yowotcherera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapangidwe azitsulo, okhala ndi zida zosavuta komanso zosinthika komanso zosavuta. Komabe, ntchito ndi osauka, dzuwa kupanga ndi otsika kuposa kuwotcherera basi kapena theka-atomatiki, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa kuwotcherera khalidwe lalikulu, zomwe zimadalira pa mlingo wa luso luso kuwotcherera.

The weld khalidwe la kuwotcherera basi ndi khola, zilema mkati mwa kuwotcherera ndi zochepa, pulasitiki ndi zabwino, ndi kulimba mphamvu ndi zabwino, amene ali oyenera kuwotcherera yaitali mwachindunji welds. Semi-automatic kuwotcherera ndi koyenera kuwotcherera ma curve kapena ma welds a mawonekedwe aliwonse chifukwa cha ntchito yamanja. Makinawa ndi theka-atomatiki kuwotcherera ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito kuwotcherera waya ndi flux oyenera chitsulo chachikulu, waya kuwotcherera ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunika za mfundo dziko, ndi flux ayenera kutsimikizika malinga ndi kuwotcherera zofunika ndondomeko.

Kuwotcherera kotetezedwa ndi mpweya kumagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa inert (kapena CO2) ngati njira yotetezera ya arc kuti isungunuke chitsulo chosungunuka kuchokera mumlengalenga kuti ntchito yowotcherera ikhale yokhazikika. Kutentha kwa arc kwa kuwotcherera kwa gasi kumakhazikika, kuthamanga kwa kuwotcherera kumathamanga, ndipo kuya kwake ndi kwakukulu, kotero mphamvu ya weld ndi yayikulu kuposa ya kuwotcherera pamanja. Ndipo pulasitiki wabwino ndi kukana dzimbiri, oyenera kuwotcherera mbale wandiweyani zitsulo.

(b), Mawonekedwe a Weld

Fomu yolumikizira msoko wowotcherera imatha kugawidwa m'mitundu inayi: cholumikizira chathako, cholumikizira mchiuno, chophatikizira chooneka ngati T ndi cholumikizira cha fillet molingana ndi malo omwe alumikizidwa. Zowotcherera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizirana zili m'mitundu iwiri, zowotcherera m'matako ndi zowotcherera. Mu ntchito yeniyeni, iyenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi mphamvu ya kugwirizana, kuphatikizapo kupanga, kukhazikitsa ndi kuwotcherera.

(c) Kapangidwe ka Weld

1. Buttweld

Ma welds a Butt amatumiza mphamvu mwachindunji, bwino, ndipo alibe kupsinjika kwakukulu, motero amakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino ndipo ndi oyenera kulumikizana ndi zida zonyamula katundu wokhazikika komanso wosunthika. Komabe, chifukwa cha zofunikira zapamwamba za ma welds a butt, kusiyana kwa kuwotcherera pakati pa ma weld ndikovuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira fakitale.

2. Fillet weld

Mawonekedwe a fillet welds: fillet welds akhoza kugawidwa m'mbali fillet welds kufanana ndi mphamvu akuchita malangizo ndi kutsogolo fillet welds perpendicular kwa mphamvu akuchita malangizo ndi mobliquely intersecting mphamvu kuchita malangizo malinga ndi kutalika kwa malangizo ndi malangizo a kunja mphamvu kanthu. . slanted fillet welds ndi ma welds ozungulira.

Mawonekedwe amtundu wa fillet weld amagawidwa m'mitundu wamba, mtundu wotsetsereka komanso mtundu wolowera kwambiri. Hf mu chithunzicho amatchedwa kukula kwa fillet ya weld fillet. Chiŵerengero cha mbali ya mwendo wa gawo wamba ndi 1: 1, yomwe ili yofanana ndi makona atatu akumanja a isosceles, ndipo mzere wotumizira mphamvu umapindika mwamphamvu kwambiri, kotero kuti kupsinjika maganizo kumakhala kwakukulu. Kwa kapangidwe kamene kamakhala ndi katundu wosunthika, kuti mphamvu yoyenda ikhale yosalala, chowotcherera kutsogolo chiyenera kutengera mtundu wotsetsereka wamtundu wamtundu wamitundu iwiri ya fillet 1: 1.5 (mbali yayitali iyenera kutsatira njira ya mkati mphamvu), ndi mbali fillet weld ayenera kutengera chiŵerengero cha 1. : 1 kulowa kwambiri.

8. Kulumikizana kwa bolt

(A). Kapangidwe ka Malumikizidwe Wamba a Bolt

Mawonekedwe Ndi Kufotokozera Kwa Maboti Wamba

Mawonekedwe ofala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chitsulo ndi mtundu waukulu wa mutu wa hexagonal, ndipo kachidindo kake kakuyimiridwa ndi chilembo M ndi dzina ndi m'mimba mwake (mm). M18, M20, M22, M24 amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu engineering. Malinga ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, mabawuti amayimiridwa mofananamo ndi magiredi awo ochita bwino, monga "grade 4.6", "grade 8.8" ndi zina zotero. Nambala isanakwane decimal imawonetsa mphamvu yocheperako ya bawuti, monga "4" ya 400N/mm2 ndi "8" ya 800N/mm2. Manambala pambuyo pa mfundo decimal (0.6, 0.8) amasonyeza chiŵerengero cha zokolola za bawuti zakuthupi, ndiko kuti, chiŵerengero cha zokolola zimalozera ku mphamvu yocheperako.

Malinga ndi makina olondola a ma bawuti, mabawuti wamba amagawidwa m'magulu atatu: A, B, ndi C.

Maboti A ndi B-grade (maboti oyengedwa) amapangidwa ndi chitsulo cha giredi 8.8, otembenuzidwa ndi zida zamakina, okhala ndi malo osalala komanso miyeso yolondola, ndipo amakhala ndi mabowo a kalasi I (ndiko kuti, mabowo amabowoledwa kapena kukulitsidwa pa zida zosonkhanitsa , khoma la dzenje ndi losalala, ndipo dzenje ndilolondola). Chifukwa cha makina ake olondola kwambiri, kukhudzana kwambiri ndi khoma la dzenje, kamangidwe kakang'ono kogwirizanitsa, ndi ntchito yabwino yamakina, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito polumikizana ndi kukameta ubweya waukulu ndi mphamvu zowonongeka. Komabe, ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zokwera mtengo kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa, motero sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapangidwe azitsulo.

Ma bawuti a kalasi C (maboti oyipa) amapangidwa ndi chitsulo cha 4.6 kapena 4.8, kukonza movutikira, ndipo kukula kwake sikokwanira. Mabowo amtundu wa II okha ndi omwe amafunikira (ndiko kuti, mabowo a bawuti amakhomeredwa pagawo limodzi panthawi imodzi kapena amabowoledwa popanda kubowola. Nthawi zambiri, m'mimba mwake mwake ndi wamkulu kuposa mabawuti. Ndodo yake ndi 1 ~ 2mm yokulirapo). Pamene mphamvu yometa ubweya imafalikira, kusokoneza kugwirizana kumakhala kwakukulu, koma ntchito yotumizira mphamvu yowonongeka ikadali yabwino, ntchitoyo sifunikira zipangizo zapadera, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wotsika. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi ma bolts pazovuta komanso kumeta ubweya wachiwiri m'mapangidwe omwe amadzaza mokhazikika kapena mwanjira ina.

Kukonzekera Kwa Malumikizidwe Wamba Otsekeredwa

Makonzedwe a mabawuti azikhala osavuta, ofananirako komanso ophatikizika, kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zamphamvu, ndipo kapangidwe kake kayenera kukhala koyenera komanso kosavuta kukhazikitsa. Pali mitundu iwiri ya makonzedwe: mbali ndi mbali ndi zandalama (monga momwe zikuwonetsera mu chithunzi). Kufananako ndikosavuta, ndipo kusuntha kumakhala kophatikizana.

(B). Makhalidwe Opanikizika Pamalumikizidwe Wamba Obowoledwa

• Kulumikizana kwa bawuti ya shear
• Kugwirizana kwa bolt
• Kukoka-kumeta ubweya bawuti

(C). Makhalidwe Opanikizika a Maboti Amphamvu Kwambiri

Maulumikizidwe amphamvu kwambiri a bolted amatha kugawidwa mumtundu wa mikangano ndi mtundu wa kuthamanga malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ndi zofunikira. Pamene kugwirizana frictional ndi pansi kumeta ubweya, pazipita kukaniza frictional zikhoza kuchitika pakati pa mbale pamene kunja kukameta ubweya mphamvu kufika malire boma; pamene kutsetsereka kwachibale kumachitika pakati pa mbale, kumaonedwa kuti kugwirizana kwalephera ndipo kwawonongeka. Pamene kumeta kwachitsulo kumameta, mphamvu yotsutsana imaloledwa kugonjetsedwa ndipo kutsetsereka kwapakati pakati pa mbale kumachitika, ndiyeno mphamvu yakunja ikhoza kupitiriza kuwonjezeka, ndipo kulephera kwakukulu kwa kumeta misala kapena kubowola kupanikizika kwa khoma. ndi malire.

Henan Steel Structure Engineering Technology Co., Ltd. imagwira ntchito yomanga zitsulo zopangira zitsulo, malo osungiramo katundu, malo ochitira misonkhano ndi ntchito zina, ndipo imatha kupereka ndemanga, kumasulira, kujambula zojambula ndi ntchito zina malinga ndi bajeti. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, chonde funsani gulu lathu la akatswiri.

Kulimbikitsidwa Kuwerenga