Izingxenye zokwakha zensimbi ziyizingxenye eziyisisekelo zesakhiwo sezakhiwo ezinesakhiwo sensimbi, ezihlanganisa izingxenye ezehlukene ezenzelwe insimbi kusukela kumakhora athwala imithwalo kuya ezintweni ezisizayo zokuvikela. Ndawonye, bakha uhlaka lwesakhiwo nesistimu yokusebenza. Lezi zingxenye zensimbi azisetshenziswa ngokuzimela ngokuzihlukanisa; esikhundleni salokho, bakha uhlelo oluzinzile lwesakhiwo ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela yesayensi, ekwazi ukuthwala isisindo somzimba wesakhiwo kanye nemithwalo evela kubasebenzi kanye nemishini, kuyilapho futhi bephikisana namandla angaphandle afana nomoya nokuzamazama komhlaba.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezingxenye zokwakha zendabuko, isici esivelele kakhulu sezingxenye zokwakha zensimbi ukuthi eziningi zalezi zingxenye zingabhekana nokunemba kokwakhiwa kwamafektri, bese ziyiswa endaweni yokwakha ukuze zihlanganiswe ngokushesha, zifinyeze kakhulu isikhathi sokwakha. Kusukela kumafreyimu ensimbi ephothali wezitshalo zezimboni ezinesitezi esisodwa kuya kumasistimu ohlaka izakhiwo zensimbi ezinezitezi eziningi, futhi ngokuqhubekayo kuma-trusses amade, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingxenye zensimbi zingakwazi ukuhambisana nezidingo cishe zonke izimo zokwakha ngokufanisa okuguquguqukayo-futhi yingakho zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezakhiweni zezimboni zanamuhla.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amakholomu ensimbi nemishayo yensimbi ethwala imithwalo ebalulekile, noma amalungu asekelayo asiza ekuzinzeni kwesakhiwo, ingxenye ngayinye yesakhiwo sensimbi idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwesakhiwo kanye nokufeza izidingo zokusebenza.
Isingeniso Esifingqiwe Sezingxenye Zokwakha Zensimbi Ezivamile
Ukuze uqonde ukubunjwa kwezakhiwo ezenziwe ngensimbi, kubalulekile ukucacisa imisebenzi ebalulekile kanye nezici zezingxenye ezivamile zokwakha insimbi. Okulandelayo, sizohlukanisa lezi zingxenye zibe izigaba ezimbili ezinkulu: amalungu esakhiwo ayinhloko namalungu esakhiwo sesibili. Sizobe sesichaza kabanzi ngezindima zokusebenza kanye nezici zobuchwepheshe zengxenye ngayinye eyinhloko, sihlose ukusungula ukuhlukaniswa okucacile nochwepheshe kwezingxenye zezakhiwo zezimboni ezakhiwe ngensimbi, sigxile endleleni izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingxenye zokwakha zensimbi ezisebenzisana ngayo ukuze zakhe isakhiwo esibalulekile.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zesakhiwo Sensimbi:
- Amakholomu Ensimbi: Isebenza njengezakhi ezithwala umthwalo oyinhloko phakathi kwezingxenye zokwakha zensimbi, amakholomu ensimbi athwala yonke imithwalo eqondile yesitshalo, okuhlanganisa isisindo sophahla, phansi, nokucindezela kwemishini, futhi adlulisele le mithwalo kusisekelo. Amakholomu ensimbi avame ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zezimboni ngokuvamile akhiwe ngensimbi eshiselwe ingxenye ye-H. Lolu hlobo lwensimbi lunikeza ukusebenza okuthwala amandla okuzinzile kanye nokucubungula okulungile, okulwenza luvumelane nezimfuneko zomthwalo wezitshalo ezihlukahlukene—isici esibalulekile esiqinisa indima yaso njengengxenye ebalulekile yokwakha insimbi eyinhloko.
- Imishayo Yensimbi : Ukusebenza ngokuhambisana namakholomu ensimbi ukuze kwakheke uhlelo lwesitshalo oluthwala umthwalo, imishayo yensimbi (eyaziwa nangokuthi imishayo yohlaka lwensimbi) iyingxenye ebalulekile yokwakha yensimbi enomthwalo wemfanelo wokudlulisa imithwalo eqondile isuka ophahleni (njengokunqwabelana kweqhwa kanye nesisindo sophahla ngokwalo) kuya kumakholomu ensimbi. Ikakhulukazi eyenziwe ngensimbi ye-H-section, inamandla anele nokusabalalisa amandla afanayo, ihlangabezana ngokuphumelelayo nezidingo zesitshalo zokuthwala umthwalo futhi iqinisekisa ubuqotho besistimu yengxenye yesakhiwo sensimbi eyinhloko.
- Amakholomu Amelana Nomoya: Ingxenye yensimbi yesakhiwo esikhethekile yokuzinza kwezinhlangothi, amakholomu amelana nomoya ikakhulukazi adlulisa imithwalo yomoya namandla avundlile ukusuka ophahleni, kuyilapho exhuma isakhiwo sophahla odongeni. Lokhu kuvimbela izindonga ezisemaceleni zesitshalo ukuthi zingawohloki ngaphansi kwemimoya enamandla. Ngokuvamile zenziwe ngensimbi ye-H-section, zinokuhambisana okuhle namakholomu ensimbi kanye nemishayo yensimbi, iqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuzinzile kwesakhiwo nokuthuthukisa ukumelana komoya jikelele kwesistimu yesakhiwo sensimbi.
- I-Purlins (Ama-Roof Purlins nama-Wall Purlins): Njengezingxenye zesibili zokwakha insimbi ehambisa umthwalo ngaphansi kwamalungu ayinhloko, ama-roof purlins akhiwe emishayweni yensimbi, futhi ama-purlin odonga agxiliwe kumakholomu odonga. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukudlulisa imithwalo ngokulinganayo ukusuka ophahleni nasezindongeni (njengomthelela womoya kanye nemvula, nesisindo samaphaneli) iye emishayweni namakholomu. Mancane ngosayizi kunemishayo yensimbi, ama-purlin ajwayele ukwakhiwa kusukela ku-C-section noma i-Z-section steel—izici eziwenza angasindi, aphatheke kahle, futhi aguquguquke ekufakweni, agqamisa indima yawo njengezingxenye zokwakha zensimbi ezisizayo.
- Imisinga: Efakwe endaweni yokuphuma yophahla noma lapho kuhlangana khona izikhala eziphakeme neziphansi, ama-gutters ensimbi ayizingxenye ezisebenzayo zokwakha eziklanyelwe ukuqoqa amanzi emvula ophahleni futhi ziwakhiphele ngaphandle ngemibhobho. Lokhu kuvimbela amanzi emvula ukuba anqwabelene ezikhaleni zophahla, kugwema ukugqwala kwezinye izingxenye zensimbi zesakhiwo, futhi kuvimbele amanzi emvula ukuthi angangeni ngaphakathi kwesitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela kuvikela ukuqina kophahla kanye nesakhiwo sonke sensimbi.
- Imishayo ye-Crane: Ezitshalweni ezidinga ukufakwa kwe-crane, imishayo ye-crane iyingxenye yesakhiwo sensimbi ebalulekile. Asebenza njengesisekelo sokubeka ama-crane rails, angathwali nje kuphela isisindo se-crane kodwa futhi nemithwalo eqondile nevundlile eyenziwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-crane. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuzinza lapho i-crane ihamba kumareyili futhi iphakamisa izimpahla, okuyenza ibe ingxenye ebalulekile yokwakha insimbi eyinhloko yezitshalo zezimboni ezinezidingo zokuphakamisa.
Izingxenye Ezisizayo Zesakhiwo Sesibili (Izinsimbi Zokwakha Insimbi):
- Ama-Bracing Avundlile: Kufakwe ophahleni lwesitshalo, ama-bracing avundlile ayizingxenye ezisizayo zozimele zensimbi ezithuthukisa ukuqina kukonke kophahla. Bafushanisa ubude besibalo esingaphandle kwendiza yamalungu e-chord (izingxenye zama-trusses), angagcini nje ngokusindisa ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi kodwa futhi avimbele ukuguqulwa kwe-lateral kwamalungu e-chord ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Ikakhulukazi eyenziwe ngensimbi eyindilinga, zifaka izindleko eziphansi nokufaka kalula, okuzenza zibe izingxenye zensimbi ezisizayo ezingabizi kakhulu.
- I-Inter-Column Bracings: Ingxenye yesakhiwo sensimbi ebalulekile yokuqina kwezinhlangothi, ithuthukisa ngokuyinhloko ukuguquguquka okuphambene kwesakhiwo. Uma zihambisana nezinsimbi ezivundlile, zithuthukisa ngokuhlanganyela ukuqina/ukuzinza kwe-longitudinal—okubalulekile ekumelaneni komoya/nokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokunciphisa ukuzungeza. Izinhlobo ezivamile: ama-trapezoidal bracings (imithwalo evamile) kanye ne-bracing yamapayipi ensimbi (imithwalo esindayo / izimfuno zokuzinza okuphezulu ezingxenyeni zokwakha zensimbi).
- Tie Rods: Eyakhelwe ngensimbi eyindilinga, imigoqo yokuhlala (esetshenziswa ukuhlanganiswa nemigoqo yokuhlala eqondile kanye nemigoqo yokuhlala ediagonal) ayizingxenye zokwakha zensimbi ezisizayo ezinosayizi omncane. Umsebenzi wabo ukunciphisa ukuguqulwa kwe-lateral kanye ne-torsion of purlins, ukuthuthukisa umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo we-purlins, nokuvimbela ukulimala ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuma-purlins ngenxa yokuguqulwa-okwandiswa ngokuphumelelayo impilo yesevisi yale ngxenye yesibili yokwakha insimbi.
- I-Tension Tie: Izibopho ze-tension ngokuvamile zicutshungulwa kusukela kumashubhu ensimbi ayindilinga, afaka ukuqina okungasindi kodwa okwanele. Indima yabo eyinhloko ukuthuthukisa ukuqina okuphelele kwesitshalo, ukuhlanganisa izingxenye ezihlakazekile ohlelweni lwendawo oluhlanganyelwe-ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwejometri yesakhiwo nokuvimbela amalungu okucindezela ukuba atshekele eceleni.
- Amaphaneli ophahla namaphaneli odonga: Ikakhulukazi amashidi ensimbi azacile noma amaphaneli ayinhlanganisela yesemishi, ahlanganiswe kuma-purlins. Njengezingxenye zokwakha zensimbi ezivikelayo, zivimba umoya nemvula, imithwalo yamabhere, futhi amanye amaphaneli ayinhlanganisela ahlinzeka ngokufakwa kokushisa okushisayo.
- IAma-Anchor Bolt nama-Bolt Ashumekiwe: Izakhi zokuxhuma ezibalulekile zezingxenye zokwakha zensimbi. Amabhawodi okuhangelwa alungisa amakholomu ezisekelweni; amanye amabhawodi axhumanisa imishayo, amakholomu/ama-purlins, nemishayo. Baqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwemithwalo okuqinile—okubalulekile ekuhloniphekeni kwesakhiwo nokuphepha.
- I-Gusset Braces: Izingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbi ezigxile emininingwaneni ezifakwe ezimpambanweni zekholomu; bathuthukisa ukuqina okuhlangene. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuwohloka kwendawo ngaphansi kwengcindezi (isb, amandla avundlile), kuvikela ukuqina kokuxhumanisa esakhiweni.
Iyiphi Indima Edlalwa I-Inter-Column Bracing (Ingxenye Eyinhloko Yokwakha Insimbi) Ezakhiweni Zensimbi Ezakhiwe Ngaphambili?
I-Inter-column bracing iyingxenye ebalulekile phakathi kwezingxenye zensimbi zokwakha ezakhiweni ezenziwe ngensimbi, futhi inani layo lokusebenza alikwazi ukubukelwa phansi.
Okokuqala nokubalulekile, ukuqinisa phakathi kwekholomu kuthuthukisa ngempumelelo ukuzinza okuphelele kwezakhiwo zensimbi ezakhiwe ngaphambili. Njengamalungu ensimbi athwala imithwalo, amakholomu athwala imithwalo ehlukahlukene esuka ophahleni nasezindongeni zangaphandle; i-inter-column bracing, ngokusebenza “njengesixhumanisi esixhumayo” phakathi kwalawa makholomu, kwakha isistimu yokusekela eqinile. Lolu hlelo lusabalalisa futhi ludlulise imithwalo—njengokucindezela okuqondile okuvela ophahleni noma amandla asemaceleni asuka emoyeni—okuvimbela isakhiwo sensimbi ukuthi singawohloki noma siwe ngaphansi kwemithelela yangaphandle.
Okwesibili, i-inter-colum bracing inegalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kokuzamazama komhlaba kwezakhiwo zensimbi ezakhiwe ngaphambili. Izinhlekelele zemvelo njengokuzamazama komhlaba zivame ukuba usongo olukhulu ezindaweni ezakhiwe ngensimbi. Nokho, i-inter-column bracing eklanywe kahle—uhlobo oluyinhloko lwesakhi sensimbi—ingamunca futhi ihlakaze amandla akhiqizwa umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngokunciphisa i-amplitude yokudlidliza kwesakhiwo ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba, kuvikela ubuqotho besakhiwo futhi kunciphise umonakalo kulo lonke uhlaka lwensimbi.
Ukwengeza, i-inter-colum bracing inomthelela omuhle ekuhlelweni kwesikhala kanye nokusetshenziswa kokusebenza kwe izakhiwo zensimbi ezakhiwe ngaphambili. Ngokuklama okunengqondo, kusiza ukuthuthukisa ukuhlelwa kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi, ukuqeda izithiyo ezingadingekile futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kwendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-inter-colum bracing isebenza njengezindawo zokusekela ezizinzile ezinsizeni ezifana nemishini yezimboni namapayipi. Lokhu kusiza ukufakwa okuhlelekile nokusebenza kwalezi zikhungo, kuphinde kugqamise indima yazo engokoqobo njengenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zesakhiwo sensimbi ezakhiwe kusengaphambili ezilinganisela ukuphepha kwesakhiwo kanye nokuguquguquka kokusebenza.
Iqhaza Elibalulekile Lezinhlaka Zokusekela Zesikhashana Ekufakeni Izingxenye Zokwakha Zensimbi
Ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwezakhiwo zesakhiwo sensimbi, izinhlaka zokusekela zesikhashana ziyizakhiwo eziwusizo ezibalulekile. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha, ukunemba, nokuzinza kokufaka izingxenye zensimbi zokwakha, ikakhulukazi ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Okokuqala, bagcina ukuzinza kwesikhashana kwezingxenye. Ngemva kokuba izingxenye zokwakha zensimbi seziphakanyiselwe, azikakha ukuxhumana okuzinzile namanye amalungu ahlala njalo. Ngokuthembela emandleni abo kuphela, balwela ukumelana nesisindo sabo, amandla omoya, noma ukungqubuzana kokwakhiwa, futhi bathambekele ekutshengiseleni noma ekunyakazeni. Amafreyimu asekelayo esikhashana anganikeza ukwesekwa okuqondile noma okuvundlile, okuxhunywa nezingxenye, phansi, noma izakhiwo ezizinzile kakade ezifakiwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ngempumelelo ukungasebenzi kwengxenye.
Okwesibili, zisiza ekumiseni ingxenye eqondile. Ukufakwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi kunezidingo eziqinile zokuphakama kwengxenye kanye nokuma kwayo. Iningi lezinhlaka zokusekela zesikhashana zinezakhiwo ezilungisekayo; abasebenzi bokwakha bangakwazi ukulinganisa imingcele efana nokuma kwamakholomu ensimbi kanye nezinga lemishayo yensimbi ngokulungisa ubude nama-engeli. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukunemba kokufaka kuhlangabezana nezidingo zedizayini, kubeka isisekelo sokuxhuma okuhlala njalo okulandelayo.
Okwesithathu, babelana ngemithwalo yesikhashana. Phakathi nesigaba sokufakwa, izingxenye kufanele zithwale isisindo sazo, kanye nesisindo sabasebenzi bokwakha kanye nemishini. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezinkulu ze-span noma ezinodonga oluncane-ngaphambi kokuba zihlanganiswe ohlelweni lonke, izindawo zendawo zijwayele ukugcwala ngokweqile, ukuguqulwa, noma ukuqhekeka. Ngokusekela amaphuzu amaningi, amafreyimu osekelo lwesikhashana adlulisela imithwalo ngokulinganayo kusisekelo, evikela ubuqotho bezingxenye.
Ekugcineni, baqinisekisa ukuphepha okuphelele kokwakhiwa. Ngaphambi kokuthi kuqedwe ukuxhumeka unomphela, izakhi eziphakanyisiwe ziyahlakazeka, futhi ukumelana okuphelele kokugudluka kwezinhlangothi kubuthakathaka. Amafreyimu asekelayo esikhashana angaxhuma lezi zingxenye ukuze zakhe isistimu yesikhashana yokuthwala umthwalo, athuthukise ukumelana komoya nokudlidliza futhi agweme ukungazinzi okuphelele.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuklanywa nokumiswa kwamafreyimu asekelayo esikhashana kufanele kuqinisekiswe umthamo wokuthwala; ngemva kokuba isakhiwo esihlala njalo sidlule ekuhlolweni, kufanele ahlakazwe ngokuhambisana nemininingwane kanye nokulandelana.
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